UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
B.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN BOTANY
SEMESTER SYSTEM WITH CREDITS
(Effective from the Academic Year 2003-2004)
SYLLABUS

Semester III - Paper III - Cytology and Anatomy

Duration: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Theory: Lecture 7 Hrs: Practicals 2 Hrs. per week

Cytology

Unit-I

Plant cell, structure and function. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Cell wall, structure and chemistry. Functions of cell wall. Plasma membrance - structure, chemistry and function.

Cell Organelles: Structure, function and origin of the following:

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Plastids
Ribosomes

Unit - II

Nucleus -- Structure and function.
Nucleolus - Structure and function.
Chromosome - Structure and function.
Eucbromatin and heterochromatin.
Giant chromosomes, polytene and lainbrush. Nucleic acids.
Molecular structure and function of DNA and RNA. Replication.
Cell inclusions (non-living)
Cell divisions: Mitosis and Meiosis.
(Note: Structure includes ultra structure).

Anatomy

Unit - III

Tissues: Classification - structural characteristics and functions of the following tissues: Meristaunatic, simple and complex tissues, Epidermal tissue system. Stomatal types. Theories of apical menstem. Apical organization of the vegetative shoot and root

Primary structure of stem and root of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
lnternal structure of leaves of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.

Unit - IV

Secondary structure of stem and root of Dicotyledons Anomalous secondary growth in stem and root of Dicotyledons. Secondary growth in Monocotyledons (Yucca and Dracaena)

Unit - V

Origin and structure of secondary xylem and secondary phloem. Annual rings. Heart wood and sap wood, periderm, wound healing. Leaf abscission, vascular cambium, laticifers.

Nodal anatomy: Uni - Tri - and Multilacunar nodes

Practicals

Cytology

Study of structures of plant cell organelles from electron micrographs and standard publications.

Study of cell inclusions (non-living)
Cytochemical tests for starch, sugars and proteins
Study of Mistosis by Squash technique.

Anatomy

Study of simple and complex (primary and secondary) tissues by maceration

Study of internal structure of
Young and old stern of Dicotyledons
Young and old root of Dicotyledons
Normal stem and root of Monocotyledons
Anomalous stern of Dicolyledons (Bignonia, Bougainvillea, Boerhaavia, Nyctanthes)
and Monocotyledons (Dracaena)
Structure of Dicot and Monocot Leaves.
Study of stomatal types
Nodal anatomy (uni - tri - and multilacunar node)

Books

Cytology

1. Brown W.V and Bertke E.M 1974, A Textbook of Cytology, C.V. Moshy Co, St.Louis
2. Cohn N.S 1979, Elements of Cytology, Freeman Book Co.
3. Hell J.I, Flowers T.J and Roberts R.M 1978, Plant cell structure and metabolism. Longman.
4. Swanson C.P 1971, The Cell, Prentice Hall of India
5. Verma P.S andAgarwal V.K 1980, Cytology, S.Chand & Co Limited

Anatomy.

1. Cutter E.G 1969, Plant Anatomy, Part I, Addision Wesley Publishing Co.
2. Cutter E.G 1971, Plant Anatomy, Part II, Edward Arnold.
3. Eames A.J and Mac Daniels L.H 19722, Introduction to Plant Anatomy, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Esau K 1953, Plant Anatomy.
5. Esau K 1960 Anatomy of seed plants, John Wiley.
6. Fahn A 1974, Plant Anatomy, Pergaman Press.
7. Fahn A 1949, practical Plant Anatomy, East West press.
8. Pandey B.P, 1078 Plant Anatomy, S.Chand & Co.
9. Tayal M.S 1979, Plant Anatomy, Rastogi Publications.
10. Vashista P.C 1968, A Text Book of Plant Anatomy, S.Negin & Co.